Computer Graphics(Practice questions)
Q1 Write a transformation matrix for a 3-D rotation, in homogenous coordinate system with respect to x,y and z axes respectively.
Q2 What is the limitation of DDA line generation algorithm? How does Bresenham line generation algorithm overcome this limitation?
Q3 Define an "Oblique projection". Derive a general transformation matrix for an oblique projection.
Q4 How can frame buffer be used to put colour and intensity on the screen?
Q5 Explain the term " sweep representation". How can a cylinder be produced by using the concept of sweep representation?
Q6 What is the need of the concept of "shading" in computer graphics? List merits and demerits of Phong shading.
Q7 Explain the terms "Cel animation" and "Sprite animation". Which of the two techniques is better for creating animation? Justify your answer.
Q8 Define the use of following formats:
1) GIF
2)JPEG
3) WPG
4)TIFF
5)MPEG
Q9 Write pseudo code for Bresenham circle generation algorithm. Use this algorithm to produce a circle of radius r=4 units, in the first quadrant from x=0 to x=y.
Q10 Write pseudocode for DDA line drawing algorithm for a line segment with negative slope.
Q11 Differentiate between the following.
a) Drawing and painting
b) CAD and CAM
c) Plotter and Printer
Q11 Determine the final co-ordinates of the perspective projection of an object, when the object is first rotated w.r.t. the Y axis by -30 degree and X-axis by 45 degree and finally it is projected onto Z=0 plane with center of projection at (0,0,-5).
Q12 Find the general transformation matrix for the reflection about the line y=-x.
Q13 " Simultaneous shearing is not the same as shearing in one direction, followed by shearing in another direction. What is the maximum number of objects that can be handled by Z-buffer algorithm? Give two advantages and two disadvantages of Z-buffer algorithm.
Q14 What is the difference between ray tracing and ray casting? Explain how a ray tracing method can be used to achieve realism in computer graphics.
Q15 What is the problem of aliasing? How does the technique of anti aliasing work to get rid of the problem of aliasing?
Q16 Explain the following
1) Panning
2) Compression in digital video
3) Morphing
4) Scholastic Animation
5) Icon based authoring tools
Q17 Discuss the role of image editing tools in creating and editing multimedia elements. Briefly describe the criteria behind the selection of an image editing tool.
Q18 Define the term intensity interpolation. Explain Gouraud shading.
Q19 Write Z-Buffer algorithm for hidden surface detection. Explain how this algorithm is applied to determine the hidden surfaces.
Q 20 What is image filtering? Why is it required?
Q21 Compute the intermediate points on the line drawn from (0,0) to (5,10) using Bresenham's algorithm.
Q22 What is the difference between parallel and perspective projection? Categorize the various types of parallel projections.
Q23 Explain the concept of window to view port transformation with the help of suitable diagram.
Q24 What is the advantage of using homogenous co-ordinate system? Write the transformation matrix in homogenous co-ordinate system for "xy-shear" about origin.
Q25 Why do we use an authoring tool in the context of multimedia? Explain the features of any two types of authoring tools.
Q26 Explain the following terms with the help of an example/diagram, if needed.
a) Tweening
b) Volume rendering
c) Fractual models
d) Morphing
Q27 Derive a general 2D transformation matrix for rotation about the origin. Perform a 45 degree rotation of a square having vertices A(0,0), B(0,2), C(2,2), D(2,0) about the origin.
Q28 Explain Cyrus Beck parametric line clipping algorithm.
Q29 Derive the 2-D transformation matrix for reflection about the line y=mx, where m is constant. Use the transformation matrix to reflect the triangle A(0,0), B(1,1), C(2,0) about the line y=2x
Q30 Explain pseudocode for Sutherland Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm. Using this algorithm clip the following polygon against the rectangular window ABCD.
Q31 What are refreshing display devices? Describe the working principle of CRT displays with the help of suitable diagram. Differentiate between Random and Raster Scan display devices.
Q32 Write the three main properties of Bezier curve. Explain the condition for smoothly joining two bezier curve segments.
Q33 Explain the following terms with the help of suitable diagram/ example if needed.
1) Oblique Projection
2) Bezier Surfaces
3) Object space approach in Visible-surface detection
4) Specular Reflection
5) GIF File compression
6) Hypermedia
7) Representational Animation
8) Ray tracing
Q34 What are the differences between Gouraud and Phong shading?
Q35 Explain Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm.
Q36 Explain the working principle of plasma panel displays. Give the advantages and disadvantages.
Q37 Compute 2D transformation matrix for rotating a point (12,6) about the point (3,2) by an angle 30 degree in clockwise direction.
Q38 Compute co-ordinate points of circle drawn with centre at (0,0) and radius 5, using mid point circle algorithm.
Q39 Show that the simultaneous shearing Shxy(a,b) is not same as the shearing in x direction, Shx(a) followed by a shearing in y-direction, Shy(b).
Q40 Prove the following properties of Bezier curve.
i) P(u=1)=Pn
ii) P'(0)=n(P1-P0)
Q41 Explain the formation of an image in vector graphics with the help of an example. Explain any two file formats that use vector graphics.
Q42 Write a short note on sound editing tools.
Q43 Explain the scan line polygon filling algorithm with the help of suitable diagram.
Q44 Define the term ray casting. Explain any one method of ray casting.
Q45 Derive a transformation matrix for a perspective projection of point P(x, y, z) onto a x =4 plane as viewed from E(6,0,0).
Q46 Why Bresenham line drawing algorithm is better than DDA algorithm? Draw a line segment joining (4,8) and (8,10) using Bresenham line drawing algorithm.
Q47 Given four control point P0(2,2),P1(3,4), P2(5,4) and P3(4,2) as vertices of Bezier curve. Determine four points on Bezier Curve.
Q48 Explain the differences between the following
i) Multimedia and interactive multimedia
ii) Hypertext and hypermedia
iii)Procedural animation and representational animation
Q49 Explain ambient and diffused reflection. Give general mathematical expression for combined effect of ambient and diffused reflection.
Q50 What is frame buffer? How can you use frame buffer for putting color and controlling intensity on display device?
Q51 What is the advantage of using homogenous co-ordinate system? Consider a square (0,0),(0,2),(2,0),(2,2). Perform composite transformation of the square by using the following steps. (Give the co-ordinates of the square at each intermediate steps)
i) Scale by using Sx=2 and Sy=3
ii)Rotation of 45 degree in the anticlockwise direction.
iii) Translate by using Tx=3 and Ty=5
Q52 Why are hidden surface algorithm needed? Explain scan line method for visible surface determination.
Q53 Derive a 3D-transformation matrix for rotation relation matrices for about Z-axis, X-axis and Y-axis, respectively.
Q54 What are the number of memory bits required for 8-bit plane frame buffer for a 512 x 512 raster? Also calculate the refresh rate for the same raster(512 x 512), if pixels are accessed at the rate of 250 nano seconds.
Q55 Differentiate between Random and Raster Scan display devices.
Q56 Use DDA line generation algorithm to draw a line from (2,2) to (8,6).
Q57 Derive a general transformational matrix for 3-D rotation about x-axis.
Q58 Perform a 45 degree rotation of triangle A(1,1), B(5,1), C(3,5) about an aribitary point (3,3).
Q59 Explain any one method of polygon Representation with the help of an example.
Q60 How many key frames does a 45 seconds animation film sequence with no duplication require if there are four in between frames for each pair of key frames? What will happen if duplication is allowed?
Q61 Why file compression techniques are beneficial in computer graphics?
Q62 Write a procedure to implement the Bresenham line generation algorithm. What are the advantages of this algorithm over the DDA line generation algorithm.
Q63 What are the merits and demerits of Gouraud Shading, constant shading and phong shading?
Q64 Explain all the four cases of Sutherland-Hodgman polygon clipping algorithm.
Q65 Derive the 2-D transformation matrix for reflection about the line y=mx+c, where m and c are constants. Use this transformation matrix to reflect the triangle A(0,0), B(4,0) and C(4,4) about the line y=2x+5.
Q66 Explain the terms window and viewport in the context of clipping. Derive a general transformation matrix for window to viewport mapping.
Q67 Write a short note on diffuse reflection.
Q68 Obtain a transformation matrix for perspective projection for a given object projected onto x=5 plane as viewed from [8,0,0].
Q69 Differentiate between the following.
i) Morphing and panning
ii) Motion specific animation and motion generalized animation.
Q70 Given p0(1,2), P1(2,3),P2(4,3), P3(3,2) as the vertices of Bezier curve. Determine 5 points on Bezier curve.
Q71 What are the limitations of refreshing display devices? What is refresh rate in 1024 x 1024 raster if pixels are accessed at the rate of 250 nanoseconds?
Q72 Illustrate the Bresenham line generation algorithm by digitizing the line with the end points(20,5) and (25,10).
Q73 Explain the Cyrus Beck line algorithm to clip a line segment for a non-convex clipping window.
Q74 Define the term projection. Categorise various types of perspective and parallel projections.
Q75 Explain the term anti-aliasing with the help of diagram. How does the technique of anti-aliasing work to get rid of the problem of aliasing?
Q76 Explain the process of simulating positive non-zero acceleration.
Q77 Define the following
a) Virtual reality
b) Icon based authoring tools
c) Frame buffer
d) Bitmap images
e) File Compression
f) 3-D modelling and animation tools
Q78 A square ABCD is given with vertices A(0,0), B(2,2) and D(0,2). Illustrate the effect of
i)x-shear
ii)y-shear
iii)xy-shear
On the given square when a=3 and b=4, where a is shearing in x-direction and b is shearing in y-direction.
Q79 Write pseudocode for midpoint circle generation algorithm.
Q80 What is difference between Hypertext and Hypermedia? Briefly describes various links used in Hypermedia.
Q81 Reflect the triangle where vertices are A(-1,0), B(0,2) and C(1,0) about
i) The horizontal line y=2
ii) The vertical line x=1
iii) The line y=x+3
Q82 What are the various types of audio and video formats?
Q83 What is foreshortening factor in the context of parallel projection? How it is related to Isometric, Diametric and Trimetric projection?
Q84 Explain the basic Ray tracing algorithm with the help of suitable diagram.
Q85 Find the transformation matrix for the reflection about the line y=4x.
Q86 Determine the expression of frame spacing which can be used to simulate positive acceleration in any animation.
Q85 Write a short note on loss less audio formats.
Q86 How Raster scan display devices are different from Random scan display devices? Can we use frame buffers to control picture color and intensity, justify your answer with suitable arguments.
Q87 Explain the terms " Parametric Continuity" and "Geometric Continuity" in Bezier curves.
Q88 Discuss Area Subdivision Method. What are the conditions to be satisfied, in Area Subdivision Method, so that it is finalized that no further surface division is required?
Q89 How many key frames does a 30 seconds animation film sequence with no duplicates require? How the results are affected if five in between frames are inserted between each pair of key frames?
Q90 Differentiate between Bitmap and Vector graphics.
Q91 Find the final coordinates of the triangle ABC, A(-3,0), B(-1,1), C(-1,-1) when it is subjected to clockwise rotation of 45 degree about an axis passing through an arbitrary point P(-1,1). Draw a suitable figure to demonstrate your solution.
Q92 Derive a general perspective transformation matrix with respect to an arbitrary centre of projection C(a,b,c). Obtain the perspective transformation matrix onto Z=-5 plane where the centre of projection is at (0,0,18).
Q93 Prove that two successive rotations are additive
Draw a suitable diagram to demonstrate your solution.
Q94 Perform 45 degree rotation of triangle ABC A(0,2), B(-1,-1), C(1,-1) about the origin.
Q95 What is the utility of tabular representation of polygon surface? Can you implement a polygon surface with just a vertex table and an edge table? Justify your answers.
Q96 What are the maximum number of objects that can be handled by Z-buffer algorithm? What will happen if the Z- buffer algorithm is used and it is found that two polygons have the same z-value?
Q97 Write a short note on Stochastic animation and its area of application.
Q98 Differentiate between calligraphic display device and raster scan display devices.
Q99 Determine the number of memory bits required for a 4 bit plane buffer for a 512 x 512 raster.
Q100 Determine the final coordinates of a polygon ABCD A(1,4), B(-4,1), C(-1,-1), D(2,-2) when it is scaled upto twice its size with respect to an arbitary point P(1,1).
Q54 What are the number of memory bits required for 8-bit plane frame buffer for a 512 x 512 raster? Also calculate the refresh rate for the same raster(512 x 512), if pixels are accessed at the rate of 250 nano seconds.
Q55 Differentiate between Random and Raster Scan display devices.
Q56 Use DDA line generation algorithm to draw a line from (2,2) to (8,6).
Q57 Derive a general transformational matrix for 3-D rotation about x-axis.
Q58 Perform a 45 degree rotation of triangle A(1,1), B(5,1), C(3,5) about an aribitary point (3,3).
Q59 Explain any one method of polygon Representation with the help of an example.
Q60 How many key frames does a 45 seconds animation film sequence with no duplication require if there are four in between frames for each pair of key frames? What will happen if duplication is allowed?
Q61 Why file compression techniques are beneficial in computer graphics?
Q62 Write a procedure to implement the Bresenham line generation algorithm. What are the advantages of this algorithm over the DDA line generation algorithm.
Q63 What are the merits and demerits of Gouraud Shading, constant shading and phong shading?
Q64 Explain all the four cases of Sutherland-Hodgman polygon clipping algorithm.
Q65 Derive the 2-D transformation matrix for reflection about the line y=mx+c, where m and c are constants. Use this transformation matrix to reflect the triangle A(0,0), B(4,0) and C(4,4) about the line y=2x+5.
Q66 Explain the terms window and viewport in the context of clipping. Derive a general transformation matrix for window to viewport mapping.
Q67 Write a short note on diffuse reflection.
Q68 Obtain a transformation matrix for perspective projection for a given object projected onto x=5 plane as viewed from [8,0,0].
Q69 Differentiate between the following.
i) Morphing and panning
ii) Motion specific animation and motion generalized animation.
Q70 Given p0(1,2), P1(2,3),P2(4,3), P3(3,2) as the vertices of Bezier curve. Determine 5 points on Bezier curve.
Q71 What are the limitations of refreshing display devices? What is refresh rate in 1024 x 1024 raster if pixels are accessed at the rate of 250 nanoseconds?
Q72 Illustrate the Bresenham line generation algorithm by digitizing the line with the end points(20,5) and (25,10).
Q73 Explain the Cyrus Beck line algorithm to clip a line segment for a non-convex clipping window.
Q74 Define the term projection. Categorise various types of perspective and parallel projections.
Q75 Explain the term anti-aliasing with the help of diagram. How does the technique of anti-aliasing work to get rid of the problem of aliasing?
Q76 Explain the process of simulating positive non-zero acceleration.
Q77 Define the following
a) Virtual reality
b) Icon based authoring tools
c) Frame buffer
d) Bitmap images
e) File Compression
f) 3-D modelling and animation tools
Q78 A square ABCD is given with vertices A(0,0), B(2,2) and D(0,2). Illustrate the effect of
i)x-shear
ii)y-shear
iii)xy-shear
On the given square when a=3 and b=4, where a is shearing in x-direction and b is shearing in y-direction.
Q79 Write pseudocode for midpoint circle generation algorithm.
Q80 What is difference between Hypertext and Hypermedia? Briefly describes various links used in Hypermedia.
Q81 Reflect the triangle where vertices are A(-1,0), B(0,2) and C(1,0) about
i) The horizontal line y=2
ii) The vertical line x=1
iii) The line y=x+3
Q82 What are the various types of audio and video formats?
Q83 What is foreshortening factor in the context of parallel projection? How it is related to Isometric, Diametric and Trimetric projection?
Q84 Explain the basic Ray tracing algorithm with the help of suitable diagram.
Q85 Find the transformation matrix for the reflection about the line y=4x.
Q86 Determine the expression of frame spacing which can be used to simulate positive acceleration in any animation.
Q85 Write a short note on loss less audio formats.
Q86 How Raster scan display devices are different from Random scan display devices? Can we use frame buffers to control picture color and intensity, justify your answer with suitable arguments.
Q87 Explain the terms " Parametric Continuity" and "Geometric Continuity" in Bezier curves.
Q88 Discuss Area Subdivision Method. What are the conditions to be satisfied, in Area Subdivision Method, so that it is finalized that no further surface division is required?
Q89 How many key frames does a 30 seconds animation film sequence with no duplicates require? How the results are affected if five in between frames are inserted between each pair of key frames?
Q90 Differentiate between Bitmap and Vector graphics.
Q91 Find the final coordinates of the triangle ABC, A(-3,0), B(-1,1), C(-1,-1) when it is subjected to clockwise rotation of 45 degree about an axis passing through an arbitrary point P(-1,1). Draw a suitable figure to demonstrate your solution.
Q92 Derive a general perspective transformation matrix with respect to an arbitrary centre of projection C(a,b,c). Obtain the perspective transformation matrix onto Z=-5 plane where the centre of projection is at (0,0,18).
Q93 Prove that two successive rotations are additive
Draw a suitable diagram to demonstrate your solution.
Q94 Perform 45 degree rotation of triangle ABC A(0,2), B(-1,-1), C(1,-1) about the origin.
Q95 What is the utility of tabular representation of polygon surface? Can you implement a polygon surface with just a vertex table and an edge table? Justify your answers.
Q96 What are the maximum number of objects that can be handled by Z-buffer algorithm? What will happen if the Z- buffer algorithm is used and it is found that two polygons have the same z-value?
Q97 Write a short note on Stochastic animation and its area of application.
Q98 Differentiate between calligraphic display device and raster scan display devices.
Q99 Determine the number of memory bits required for a 4 bit plane buffer for a 512 x 512 raster.
Q100 Determine the final coordinates of a polygon ABCD A(1,4), B(-4,1), C(-1,-1), D(2,-2) when it is scaled upto twice its size with respect to an arbitary point P(1,1).
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